It will bring your structure down in second when it gets loaded and that parts do fail to take load. Columns are second important element after footing which takes the load of entire thing above it.
There are many cases and case studies about failure of structures, the most common cause for failure is stated by you.
In no case we should allow the accumulation of fines at the top layer.
There are few reasons which I would like to list down, so that you can take action on it to prevent its recurrence in further works.
1. Do ensure the slump of the concrete is as desired for casting of columns and there is no addition of the water in concrete.
2. Do not over compact the concrete by keeping needle vibrator on by inserting it into concrete. over vibration leads to accumulations of fines at top and all this travels to top layer of the concrete and creates a accountable layer of fines.
The issue listed by you is very dangerous and should be addressed immediately in the good interest.
the only remedy for it is to chip off the portion which has only fines / slurry in it.