What are the formulas For Earth Moving Equipment's?
Whenever their is a movement, friction comes into action. The same is the case with earth moving equipment's. We term this as rolling resistance and this has to be overcomes by vehicle engine so that it can move on that surface. This is the formula to calculate rolling resistance
R = RfW + RpPW
where
R = rolling resistance, lb (N)
p = tire penetration, in (mm)
Rf = rolling-resistance factor, lb/ton (N/tonne)
W = weight on wheels, ton (tonne)
Rp = tire-penetration factor, lb/ton in (N/tonne mm) penetration
Rf usually is taken as 40 lb/ton (or 2 percent lb/lb) (173 N/t) and Rp as 30 lb/ton in (1.5% lb/lb in) (3288 N/t mm).
So the above equation becomes
R=(2%+1.5 % p) W’=R’W’
where
W’ = weight on wheels, lb(N)
R’ = 2% + 1.5%p.
Case – When we have a slope
G = RgsW
where
G = grade resistance, lb(N)
Rg = grade-resistance factor = 20 lb/ton (86.3 N/t) = 1%
s = percent grade which is positive for uphill motion and negative for downhill motion.
The total road resistance is calculated by adding the rolling and grade resistances and is given by:
T = (R’+Rg s )W’ =(2%b + 1.5%p + 1%s)W’
Loss due to Altitude
Generally we take 3 percent pull loss for each 1000 ft (305 m) above 2500 ft (762 m).
Measurement Units
Measurement units and standards are different in different countries but to maintain a standard, SI units are mostly used when dealing with projects involving different countries or even different states. Small projects can be done with the locally used unit system but when the project is big, one standard unit system is to be used.
Two most common system used in the United States are
United States Customary System (USCS)
System International (SI)
But the SI unit system is more widely used all over the world. Following is the table which shows how you can convert USCS measurements in SI measurements. ( Just multiply the USCS amount with the corresponding figure given in table below
Convert USCS into SI Units
USCS unit X Factor = SI unit
Square foot X 0.0929 = Square meter
Cubic foot X 0.2831 = Cubic meter
Pound per square inch X 6.894 = Kilopascal
Pound force X 4.448 = Newton
Foot pound torque X 1.356 = Newton meter
Kip foot X 1.355 = Kilonewton meter
Gallon per minute X 0.06309 = Liter per second
Kip per square inch X 6.89 = Megapascal
Whenever their is a movement, friction comes into action. The same is the case with earth moving equipment's. We term this as rolling resistance and this has to be overcomes by vehicle engine so that it can move on that surface. This is the formula to calculate rolling resistance
R = RfW + RpPW
where
R = rolling resistance, lb (N)
p = tire penetration, in (mm)
Rf = rolling-resistance factor, lb/ton (N/tonne)
W = weight on wheels, ton (tonne)
Rp = tire-penetration factor, lb/ton in (N/tonne mm) penetration
Rf usually is taken as 40 lb/ton (or 2 percent lb/lb) (173 N/t) and Rp as 30 lb/ton in (1.5% lb/lb in) (3288 N/t mm).
So the above equation becomes
R=(2%+1.5 % p) W’=R’W’
where
W’ = weight on wheels, lb(N)
R’ = 2% + 1.5%p.
Case – When we have a slope
G = RgsW
where
G = grade resistance, lb(N)
Rg = grade-resistance factor = 20 lb/ton (86.3 N/t) = 1%
s = percent grade which is positive for uphill motion and negative for downhill motion.
The total road resistance is calculated by adding the rolling and grade resistances and is given by:
T = (R’+Rg s )W’ =(2%b + 1.5%p + 1%s)W’
Loss due to Altitude
Generally we take 3 percent pull loss for each 1000 ft (305 m) above 2500 ft (762 m).
Measurement Units
Measurement units and standards are different in different countries but to maintain a standard, SI units are mostly used when dealing with projects involving different countries or even different states. Small projects can be done with the locally used unit system but when the project is big, one standard unit system is to be used.
Two most common system used in the United States are
United States Customary System (USCS)
System International (SI)
But the SI unit system is more widely used all over the world. Following is the table which shows how you can convert USCS measurements in SI measurements. ( Just multiply the USCS amount with the corresponding figure given in table below
Convert USCS into SI Units
USCS unit X Factor = SI unit
Square foot X 0.0929 = Square meter
Cubic foot X 0.2831 = Cubic meter
Pound per square inch X 6.894 = Kilopascal
Pound force X 4.448 = Newton
Foot pound torque X 1.356 = Newton meter
Kip foot X 1.355 = Kilonewton meter
Gallon per minute X 0.06309 = Liter per second
Kip per square inch X 6.89 = Megapascal
